For this problem, we’ll calculate the probabilty of getting all 8 numbers after rolling an 8-sided die 20 times.

STEP 1
The set of numbers on the die (1 through 8), would be called called “n” and the number of trials or attempts is called “r” which in this case is 20 rolls.
Calculating the value of “n” raised to the power of “r”:

8²⁰
which equals
1,152,921,504,606,850,000This number represents all the possible results from rolling an 8 sided die

In steps 2, 3, 4 and 5, we will determine how many of those 8²⁰ rolls, will contain all 8 numbers.

STEP 2
We first must calculate each value of “n” raised to the power of “r”.
Rather than explain, this is much easier to show:

8²⁰ = 1,152,921,504,606,850,000
7²⁰ = 79,792,266,297,612,000
6²⁰ = 3,656,158,440,062,980
5²⁰ = 95,367,431,640,625
4²⁰ = 1,099,511,627,776
3²⁰ = 3,486,784,401
2²⁰ = 1,048,576
1²⁰ = 1
STEP 3
Next, we calculate how many combinations can be made from “n” objects for each value of “n”.
This is much easier to show than explain:

8 C 8 = 1
7 C 8 = 8
6 C 8 = 28
5 C 8 = 56
4 C 8 = 70
3 C 8 = 56
2 C 8 = 28
1 C 8 = 8
Basically, this is saying that

8 objects can be chosen from a set of 8 in 1 way
7 objects can be chosen from a set of 8 in 8 ways
6 objects can be chosen from a set of 8 in 28 ways
5 objects can be chosen from a set of 8 in 56 ways
4 objects can be chosen from a set of 8 in 70 ways
3 objects can be chosen from a set of 8 in 56 ways
2 objects can be chosen from a set of 8 in 28 ways
1 object can be chosen from a set of 8 in 8 waysSTEP 4
We then calculate the product of the first number of STEP 2 times the first number of STEP 3 and do so throughout all 8 numbers.

1,152,921,504,606,850,000   ×   1     = 1,152,921,504,606,850,000
79,792,266,297,612,000   ×   8     = 638,338,130,380,896,000
3,656,158,440,062,980   ×   28     = 102,372,436,321,763,000
95,367,431,640,625   ×   56     = 5,340,576,171,875,000
1,099,511,627,776   ×   70   =   76,965,813,944,320
3,486,784,401   ×   56   = 195,259,926,456
1,048,576   × 28   = 29,360,128
1     ×   8     = 8STEP 5
Then, alternating from plus to minus, we sum the 8 terms we just calculated.

which equals the total number of ways you can roll an 8 sided die 20 times and have all 8 numbers appear.STEP 6
So, if we take the number 611,692,004,959,217,000 and divide it by
1,152,921,504,606,850,000 (all posiible results of 20 rolls of an 8 sided die)
we get the probability of having all 8 numbers appearing after 20 rolls.

611,692,004,959,217,000 ÷ 1,152,921,504,606,850,000 = 0.530558240535038
So, if you had an 8 sided die, you would need to roll it at least 20 times in order to have a better than 50 / 50 chance of rolling all 8 numbers.